Creutz ON SELF ORGANIZED CRITICALITY
نویسنده
چکیده
"Self organized criticality" describes the tendency of strongly dissipative systems to show relaxation behavior involving a wide range of length and time scales .[1] The phenomenon is expected to be quite universal ; indeed, it has been looked for in such diverse areas as earthquake structure[2] and economics.[3] The idea provides an unifying concept for large scale behavior in systems with many degrees of freedom. It complements the concept of "chaos," wherein simple systems with a small number of degrees of freedom can display quite complex behavior . I begin the discussion with the simple observation that real dissipative systems, unlike the ideals discussed in freshman physics class, rarely tend to go to their ground state . Consider, for example, a pendulum. The ideal motion is periodic and for small amplitudes is well approximated by a sine wave . To make the system more realistic, one can put in a drag term, giving rise to a damped oscillatory behavior, with motion theoretically continuing forever with a decreasing amplitude . However, in the real world the fulcrum for the pendulum will have some imperfections, perhaps in the form of grit . Thus once the amplitude gets small enough, the pendulum will suddenly stop, and this will generally occur at the end of a swing where the velocity is small-
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تاریخ انتشار 2002